BiostatR Blog

 http://www.ltg.ed.ac.uk/~richard/utf-8.cgi Choose Character, enter the characters to convert in the text box; Example •, will give you: Character • Character name BULLET Hex code point 2022 Decimal code point 8226 Hex UTF-8 bytes E2 80 A2  Octal UTF-8 bytes 342 200 242  UTF-8 bytes as Latin-1 characters bytes â <80> ¢ Then: x <- "\u2022" print(x) [1] "•"

 Let center.x and center.y be the center of the Cartesian plan. Let x1 and y1 be the coordinate of the point. The angle between (center.x, center.y) and (x1, y1) is: (atan((y1-center.y)/(x1-center.x))+pi*(as.numeric((x1-center.x)<0))) %% (2*pi) The 0 is at right of the center, pi is at left, pi/2 at the top and 3 pi/2 at the bottom.

  You must use byrow = FALSE (the default) to convert the vector back to a matrix. > (d <- matrix(1:6, nrow=2, ncol=3))      [,1] [,2] [,3] [1,]    1    3    5 [2,]    2    4    6 > (v <- as.vector(d)) [1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 > matrix(v, nrow=2, ncol=3, byrow = FALSE)      [,1] [,2] [,3] [1,]    1    3    5 [2,]    2    4    6

  From R-help discussion list; answer by Rui Barradas. I like this answer and I copy it here: h <- c(574,557,544,535,534,532,531,527,526,525,         524,520,518,512,507,504,504,489,488,488,         487,484,484,474,472,455,444,420)  nms <- c("Fribourg(f)","Valais(d)","Appenzell Rhodes Intérieures",           "Fribourg(d)","Jura","Schwyz","Schaffhouse","Berne(f)",           "Thurgovie","Valais(f)","Argovie","Appenzell Rhodes Extérieures",           "Genève","Zoug","Tessin","Neuchâtel","Vaud","Uri","Nidwald",           "Berne(d)","Zurich","Obwald","Saint-Gall","Soleure","Lucerne",           "Glaris","Bâle-Campagne","Bâle-Ville")  nms <- factor(nms, levels = nms)  library(ggplot2)  data.frame(height = h,

Here is a hack of tools:::.check_package_datasets() to show what dataset has utf-8, latin1 or bytes characters. pkgDir must be the path of the package.   check_package_datasets <- function (pkgDir)    {     oLC_ct <- Sys.getlocale("LC_CTYPE")     on.exit(Sys.setlocale("LC_CTYPE", oLC_ct))     Sys.setlocale("LC_CTYPE", "C")     oop <- options(warn = -1)     on.exit(options(oop), add = TRUE)     check_one <- function(x, ds) {       if (!length(x))          return()       if (is.list(x))          lapply(unclass(x), check_one, ds = ds)       if (is.character(x)) {         xx <- unclass(x)         enc <- Encoding(xx)         latin1 <<- latin1 + sum(enc == "latin1")         utf8 <<- utf8 + sum(enc == "UTF-8")         bytes <<- bytes + sum(enc == "bytes")         unk <- xx[enc == "unknown"]         ind <- .Call(tools:::C_check_nonASCII2, unk)         if (length(ind)) {